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The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) creates an opportunity to deploy distributed battery storage to support the power grid and integrate higher shares of variable renewable energy sources (RES) [1] [2].  EV-grid interfaces include V1G (controlled, unidir charging), V2G (vehicle-to-grid), V2H (vehicle-to-home) and V2B (vehicle-to-building).  While V1G manages charging demand, V2G enables bidirectional electricity and data flows, allowing compatible EVs to draw power from the grid and return it when needed. These vehicles are often described as grid-integrated EVs.

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Ancillary services

  

Bidirectional EVs can support grid operation through frequency and voltage regulation, peak shaving, load balancing, congestion management and renewable energy integration.  However, widespread V2G deployment depends on compatible vehicles and chargers, bidirectional power electronics, battery-degradation management and suitable market rules.  High upfront costs, interoperability challenges and regulatory barriers remain key obstacles to adoption.

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ISO/IEC standards

  

V2G requires standardized communication btw EVs and charging equipment.  The ISO 15118 family of standards defines this communication interface, supporting secure data exchange and smart charging.  In particular, ISO 15118-20:2022 specifies communication requirements for bidirectional power transfer, a key enabler of V2G applications.  It covers wired charging and communication requirements for wireless charging, helping integrate EVs into smart grid [4].​

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Global players

  

V2G ecosystem includes technology providers, automakers, utilities and energy-management platforms. Key players include Nuvve, Enel, The Mobility House, E.ON, Siemens, and ABB, which develop solutions for bidirectional charging, energy aggregation and grid services.  Europe is an important market for V2G deployment, supported by pilot projects, regulatory initiatives and growing renewable-energy integration. However, market-share estimates vary considerably depending on whether they measure hardware, software, services or overall V2G revenue [5].

  

References

[1] https://www.pv-magazine.com/magazine-archive/standards-to-unlock-v2g/

[2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348961977_Integration_of_Vehicle-to-Grid_in_Local_Energy_Systems_Concepts_and_Specific_Requirements

[3] https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/2/589

[4] https://www.iso.org/standard/77845.html

[5] https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/vehicle-to-grid-v2g-communication-protocols-and-aggregation-software-market.