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e-Buses

  

Electric buses (e-buses) offer several advantages over diesel buses, including lower emissions, higher energy efficiency, reduced operating costs and quieter, more comfortable journeys.  Electrification is particularly attractive on high-volume urban routes, where intensive vehicle use can improve the economics of fleet conversion.  Innovative financing and procurement models are also helping accelerate adoption in emerging markets, including Brazil, Chile, and India [IEA, 2025].

  

China remains the dominant market.  Global electric bus sales reached nearly 70,000 units in 2025, with China accounting for around 60%.  Chinese manufacturers are also expanding exports, strengthening their presence in international markets [IEA, 2026].

  

Unlike passenger EVs, which can often charge at home, e-buses depend primarily on dedicated depot and public charging infrastructure.  Depot charging, typically performed overnight, uses chargers around 100-350 kW.  Opportunity charging, often using pantographs at terminals or along routes, delivers higher power (typically several hundred kWs) with some systems reaching 600 kW.  The appropriate configuration depends on route length, operating schedules, battery capacity and available grid connection.

  

e-Trucks

  

Long-haul freight transport is vital to modern economies but remains a significant source of carbon emissions.  Decarbonization increasingly depends on electrification, supported by improving battery economics, stricter emissions standards and corporate sustainability targets.  Although electric trucks have higher upfront costs, their lower energy and maintenance expenses can improve total cost of ownership (TCO).

  

Global electric truck sales more than doubled in 2025, exceeding 400,000 units and accounting for 9% of new truck sales.  China led this expansion, representing over 90% of global electric truck sales, with one in four trucks sold domestically being electric.  Under the IEA’s current-policy scenario, electric trucks could account for approximately 20% of global truck sales by 2035 [IEA, 2025] [IEA, 2026].

  

BEV & FCEV: paths to zero-emission trucking

  

Battery-electric (BEV) and fuel-cell electric trucks (FCEVs) offer different operational advantages.  BEVs are generally more energy-efficient and benefit from lower energy and maintenance costs, making them attractive for urban delivery, regional freight and an increasing range of long-haul applications.  FCEVs offer faster refuelling and potentially longer operating ranges, which may suit intensive, multi-shift operations where charging time or grid capacity is a constraint.  

  

However, hydrogen infrastructure remains limited, and the cost and availability of low-emissions hydrogen are major barriers.  BEVs also use renewable electricity more efficiently: indicative estimates suggest that around 70–80% of the original electricity can reach the wheels in a BEV, compared with roughly 25–35% when electricity is converted into hydrogen and then used in an FCEV.  Actual efficiencies depend on the production, storage and delivery pathways.